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The result also meant Aston Villa have qualified for Champions League for the first time since the 1982-83.
Manchester City, who are aiming for an unprecedented fourth consecutive English top-flight title, can retake the lead when they play at Arsenal's London rivals Tottenham Hotspur on Tuesday.
Pep Guardiola's relentless side, closing in on an unprecedented fourth English title in a row, has 85 points from 36 games, with Arsenal on 83 having also played 36.
Strikes from Mohamed Salah, Andy Robertson, Cody Gakpo and Harvey Elliott earned the victory for Klopp's men, who had won one of their previous five league games and seen their title challenge crumble.
Hours after Arsenal's 3-0 win over Bournemouth, Pep Guardiola's men responded with a resounding victory that pulled them to within a point of the North Londoners at the top of the standings, but with a game in hand.
Haaland made a quick impact when he entered the game as a substitute in his first action since missing two matches with a muscle injury.
Salah seemed to have a different perspective and refused interviews with reporters in the mixed zone, saying: 'There's going to be fire today if I speak.'
Liverpool remain third on 75 points, one behind second-placed Manchester City, who have played two games fewer, and two behind first-placed Arsenal, who have a game in hand and a much-superior goal difference.
Foden struck twice as Manchester City stepped up their bid for a fourth Premier League crown in a row with a ruthless 4-0 victory at Brighton & Hove Albion.
Everton's first derby victory at Goodison Park in more than 13 years prevented Liverpool from climbing level with Arsenal at the top of the league table. Juergen Klopp's men are three points behind the Gunners (77) with four games to play.