How to spot lung cancer early? Doctor shares habits to stay safe

Lung cancer is spreading rapidly across India. However, a widespread lack of awareness often leads to delayed diagnoses, depriving patients of timely medical intervention. When detected in its initial stages, the chances of successful treatment and complete recovery are significantly higher. Dr Jojo V Joseph, Cancer Surgeon at the Caritas Institute, Kottayam, explains.

A global health challenge
Lung cancer remains one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide, contributing to a high number of annual fatalities. The disease progresses when cells within the lungs multiply uncontrollably, forming malignant tumours that obstruct respiratory function. Over time, these cancer cells can metastasise, spreading to other vital organs and disrupting overall bodily functions.

The devastating impact of smoking
Tobacco use is the single largest driver of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of all diagnosed cases. The toxic chemical compounds present in tobacco smoke directly damage delicate lung tissues over time. While active smoking poses the greatest threat, passive smoking (exposure to second-hand smoke) is a major risk factor for non-smokers. Other contributing elements include environmental air pollution, exposure to hazardous substances like asbestos and radon gas, and specific genetic predispositions. Detecting the condition early is vital to improve survival rates. However, because lung cancer often remains asymptomatic in its initial phases, it frequently goes unnoticed until it reaches an advanced stage, presenting a significant hurdle for medical professionals.

Recognising the warning signs
The primary symptoms of lung cancer include a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, chronic fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. Active smokers often experience what they consider a standard 'smoker's cough'. However, any alteration in the pattern, frequency, or severity of this cough can be a critical red flag. If you experience any of these symptoms for more than three weeks, it is crucial to seek immediate medical advice.

Prevention is the best defence
Proactive measures are highly effective in reducing the risk of developing lung cancer. The most decisive action is to quit smoking immediately and avoid environments with second-hand smoke. It is estimated that eradicating tobacco use could eliminate nearly 50% of all cancer occurrences in society. Furthermore, minimising contact with environmental pollutants, eating a nutrient-rich diet, and maintaining a regular exercise regimen can substantially lower your risk profile.

The vital role of screening
For individuals with a history of tobacco use, screening helps identify potential malignancies before physical symptoms actually appear, leading to a much better prognosis.

Who should get screened?
Generally, screening is recommended for individuals aged between 55 and 80. However, those with a history of heavy active smoking or significant exposure to passive smoking should initiate screening from the age of 50.

How does screening work?
The primary tool used for early detection is a Low-dose Computerised Tomography (LDCT) scan. This diagnostic procedure is painless, quick, and non-invasive, delivering high-resolution images of the lungs. If a suspicious nodule is identified during the scan, further evaluations such as a biopsy or a PET scan may be advised. It is important to note that not all detected nodules are malignant. Let us take a proactive step this Lung Cancer Day by sharing this vital message, raising awareness to eliminate tobacco from our communities, and prioritising a healthy lifestyle.