Hair dye usage: Who is at cancer risk the most?

Hair dyes are the most commonly used cosmetic product in the world. However, rumours that hair dyes could cause cancer have been doing the rounds for ages. Meanwhile, the International Agency for Research on Cancer had stated that a few chemical components in hair dyes might lead to cancer. Barbers, hairdressers and salon workers who come in regular contact with these chemicals are at a higher risk of cancer. Scientific research suggests that excessive use of hair dye may cause bladder cancer, breast cancer, as well as blood cancers like leukaemia and lymphoma.

Ammonia in hair dye could increase the pH levels of the hair strands and saturate them to enter the hair shaft. Meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide acts as both a bleaching agent and an oxidising agent, breaking down the natural pigment. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD), used as an aromatic amine in permanent hair dye, causes chemical reactions on the hair follicles, locking in the colour for longer periods. Although these ingredients in hair dyes are highly effective, they can also cause several health problems. Ammonia could also cause discomfort on the scalp.

Excessive use of hydrogen peroxide may cause damage to the hair. Meanwhile, PPD might cause allergies in some. The chemicals will get absorbed into the bloodstream through the scalp. The kidney would filter these chemicals, which would then get deposited in the bladder. The chemicals will be absorbed into the inner layers of the bladder, causing cancer. The chemicals used in hair dyes before the 1980s were extremely hazardous. However, later, the formulas were changed to make hair dyes safer than before.

Those who use hair dyes occasionally at home may not be at a higher risk of cancer. But hairdressers and salon professionals who regularly handle hair dye as part of their job are at a higher risk of bladder cancer. Modern hair dyes are generally safer to use occasionally. Individuals who frequently use hair dye should wear gloves and opt for high-quality products. Additionally, these products should be used in areas with proper air circulation. It is always better to avoid products that contain cancer-causing chemicals.