World Cancer Day: At what age are women most vulnerable to breast cancer? Oncologist explains

For the past few years, breast cancer has been the most common cancer in India among women. Even globally, our country ranks among the highest in breast cancer mortality among women, which is around 98,337 deaths a year, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)! In the Economic Review 2025, which was presented in the Kerala Assembly a few days ago, it was mentioned that breast cancer is also the most common among Kerala women, while for men, it is lung cancer. Why is the disease so common both in our state and country? Is it possible to reduce its risks? What are the most common myths about it? Dr Chithrathara K, Surgical Oncology Specialist with VPS Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi, explains. 

Why is it increasingly common?
Breast cancer develops when genetic changes (mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes) cause cells in the breast to grow uncontrollably. But what causes these changes? We can't provide a single reason for it. In certain people, it is hereditary. However, in some individuals, it can be 'de novo', which means the disease occurs for the first time due to new genetic changes. There is no vaccination yet for cancer for this reason. 

Yet another possible reason is the estrogen effect. The longer we have it in our bodies, the higher the risk for breast cancer. In women with genetic changes, estrogen sensitivity is higher in the breast. If they have a normal level of estrogen, it may be a cause for concern.

The following are also quoted as reasons for the cancer:
1) Early onset of menstruation
2) Late menopause
3) Not giving birth
4) Having fewer children
5) Insufficient duration of breastfeeding
6) Late marriage

Medicines and treatment for menopausal symptoms and repeated IVF cycles can, at times, be risky. Lifestyle changes like fast food consumption, busy life, lack of activity and the like are also associated with breast cancer risks. Foods rich in estrogen are also often termed risky for the disease, though there aren't enough studies on this. Consumption of ultra-processed foods such as white bread, processed meat, and red meat can all be contributing factors. Conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism and PCOS may also be associated with an increased risk of cancer.

At what age are people most vulnerable to it?
Generally, people are most vulnerable after the age of 40. Especially between the ages of 45 and 50. As age advances, risk also increases. However, these days, cancer is diagnosed in youngsters as well. 

How to reduce its risks?
1) Stay active and maintain a healthy body weight
2) Avoid taking estrogen pills and oral contraceptives regularly
3) Ensure early and regular screening, especially if you have a family history. Do not wait for symptoms.
4) If you have a family history, an early MRI can also be helpful
5) Eat a balanced diet

FAQs
1. What is breast cancer?
It is a type of cancer in which breast cells mutate to become cancerous cells. They multiply and form tumours. 
2. Will breast cancer spread through touch?
No, it will not. It does not pass to a baby through breastfeeding as well. That said, whether a woman can breastfeed during the treatment should be decided following medical advice. 

3. Are all lumps on breast, cancerous?
They need not be. Especially if you are very young, the likelihood is low. However, as you age, especially over 40, it's better to get the lump checked. Even after 40, women can get non-cancerous breast lumps called fibroadenoma.
4. Can wearing tight bras, certain bra colours, cause breast cancer?
There is no evidence to prove these claims. Even if a person is in treatment, they will have to give the breasts adequate support. 

5. Can mammogram radiation exposure cause breast cancer?
No. Numerous studies have disproved such claims. In medical science, studies comparing the benefits and disadvantages of treatments are always conducted. In the case of mammography, the advantages of the procedure are 10-fold, despite the small radiation dose. Mammogram is also most effective after 40, as youngsters' breasts can be quite dense and the detection would be less. For them, ultrasound and MR mammography are more effective. 
6. Can men develop breast cancer?
It is rare but possible, especially if they have a family history and are over 40.