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The Wagner leader had in June, during the ongoing Ukraine-Russia war, threatened to go against Putin.
Moscow said that Modi had expressed support for what the Kremlin called the Russian leadership's decisive actions in handling the mutiny by the Wagner mercenary group last Saturday.
Ending their short-lived mutiny, fighters of the Wagner group began heading back to their bases late on Saturday in return for guarantees for their safety.
Wagner private army, led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, had reached within 200km of Moscow.
A private army called Wagner has stepped up its feud with Russia's military top brass.
Prigozhin said he had captured the headquarters of Russia's Southern Military District there after leading his forces into Russia from Ukraine.
A senior Ukrainian presidential official said Kyiv had nothing to do with the purported incident, the most dramatic accusation Russia has levelled against Ukraine since invading its neighbour more than 14 months ago.
The ICC issued an arrest warrant earlier this month accusing Putin of the war crime of illegally deporting hundreds of children from Ukraine.
Xi will be the first national leader to shake Putin's hand since the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for him.
The ICC issued the warrant for Putin's arrest on suspicion of unlawful deportation of children and unlawful transfer of people from the territory of Ukraine to the Russian Federation.